My Blog

Polymers and plastics, especially polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene terephthalate, polystyrene and polycarbonate comprise about 80% of the industry’s output worldwide.[citation needed] Chemicals are used to make a wide variety of consumer goods, as well as thousands inputs to agriculture,

free articles directory

manufacturing, construction, and service industries. The chemical industry itself consumes 26 percent of its own output.[citation needed] Major industrial customers include rubber and plastic products, textiles, apparel, petroleum refining, pulp and paper, and primary metals. Chemicals is nearly a $3 trillion global enterprise, and the EU and U.S. chemical companies are the world’s largest producers.[citation needed]

[edit] Product Category Breakdown 1928 ?Future war and german chemical industry?

Sales of the chemical business can be divided into a few broad categories, including basic chemicals (about 35 to 37 percent of the dollar output), life sciences (30 percent), specialty chemicals (20 to 25 percent) and consumer products (about 10 percent).[citation needed]

Basic chemicals, or “commodity chemicals” are a broad chemical category including polymers, bulk petrochemicals and intermediates, other derivatives and basic industrials, inorganic chemicals, and fertilizers. Typical growth rates for basic chemicals are about 0.5 to 0.7 times GDP

free articles directory

. Product prices are generally less than fifty cents per pound. Polymers, the largest revenue segment at about 33 percent of the basic chemicals dollar value, includes all categories of plastics and man-made fibers. The major markets for plastics are packaging, followed by home construction, containers, appliances, pipe, transportation, toys, and games.

free articles directory

The largest-volume polymer product, polyethylene (PE), is used mainly in packaging films and other markets such as milk bottles, containers, and pipe. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), another large-volume product, is principally used to make pipe for construction markets as well as siding and, to a much smaller extent, transportation and packaging materials. Polypropylene (PP), similar in volume to PVC, is used in markets ranging from packaging, appliances, and containers to clothing and carpeting. Polystyrene (PS), another large-volume plastic, is used principally for appliances and packaging as well as toys and recreation. The leading man-made fibers include polyester, nylon, polypropylene, and acrylics, with applications including apparel, home furnishings, and other industrial and consumer use. The principal raw materials for polymers are bulk petrochemicals.

Chemicals in the bulk petrochemicals and intermediates are primarily made from liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), natural gas, and crude oil. Their sales volume is close to 30 percent of overall basic chemicals. Typical large-volume products include ethylene, propylene, benzene, toluene, xylenes, methanol, vinyl chloride monomer (VCM), styrene, butadiene, and ethylene oxide. These chemicals are the starting points for most polymers and other organic chemicals as well as much of the specialty chemicals category.

Other derivatives and basic industrials include synthetic rubber, surfactants, dyes and pigments, turpentine, resins, carbon black, explosives, and rubber products and contribute about 20 percent of the basic chemicals’ external sales. Inorganic chemicals (about 12 percent of the revenue output) make up the oldest of the chemical categories. Products include salt, chlorine, caustic soda, soda ash, acids (such as nitric, phosphoric, and sulfuric), titanium dioxide, and hydrogen peroxide. Fertilizers are the smallest category (about 6 percent) and include phosphates, ammonia, and potash chemicals.

Life sciences (about 30 percent of the dollar output of the chemistry business) include differentiated chemical and biological substances, pharmaceuticals, diagnostics, animal health products, vitamins, and crop protection chemicals. While much smaller in volume than other chemical sectors, their products tend to have very high prices—over ten dollars per pound—growth rates of 1.5 to 6 times GDP, and research and development spending at 15 to 25 percent of sales. Life science products are usually produced with very high specifications and are closely scrutinized by government agencies such as the Food and Drug Administration. Crop protection chemicals, about 10 percent of this category, include herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides.

Specialty chemicals are a category of relatively high valued, rapidly growing chemicals with diverse end product markets. Typical growth rates are one to three times GDP with prices over a dollar per pound. They are generally characterized by their innovative aspects. Products are sold for what they can do rather than for what chemicals they contain. Products include electronic chemicals, industrial gases, adhesives and sealants as well as coatings, industrial and institutional cleaning chemicals, and catalysts. Coatings make up about 15 percent of specialty chemicals sales, with other products ranging from 10 to 13 percent.

Specialty Chemicals are sometimes referred to as “fine chemicals”

Kids want the best Christmas toys. There are so many that come out that you may not know which ones to buy. So, what I’m going to do is share with you some of the best Christmas toys for kids. That way, your kids will have the best gifts this year.

The best Christmas toys for kids are:

1. Transformers Optimus Prime. This is a great gift to give your kids. This is one of the best Optimus Prime toys to ever come out. Your kids will love this toy.

2. LEGO Mindstorm NXT. This is another great toy for kids. This is a popular gift that parents are buying for their children. The LEGO Mindstorm is an educational toy that kids love to play with.

3. Nintendo DS Lite. This is another one of the best Christmas toys for kids. The Nintendo Lite is a popular gift that a lot of kids want this year. There are a ton of great games that kids like to play that are also educational.

4. EyeClops Night Vision Infrared Stealth Goggles. The EyeClops Goggles is probably the coolest toy out right now. It allows you to see during the night. A lot of kids want this toy for Christmas.

5. Hannah Montana Malibu Beach House. This is a great gift for little girls that like Hannah Montana. The house is based off the hit show, Hannah Montana. Which is why a lot of kids want this toy for Christmas.

These are some of the best Christmas toys for kids. If you’re not sure what to get your children or if you really want to surprise them this year, you should get the gifts mentioned above. They will love those presents and will have the best Christmas ever.

Especially in science it is utmost to survive if someone is competent to sale the ideas. Then the remittances are recorded in the history, all worlds famous Greek, Sumerian, Egyptian civilizations were contribution to millions of dedicated workers who sacrificed themselves for creating history. An element of salability is frontier science now in contrast to 17th to 19th centuries where time was for developing or fostering fundamentals ideas or concepts. However the 20th century has been a transition or interface of the idea developmental sciences and idea marketing or commercialization. Currently, it has become an urgency of the time to cater the basic needs of an increasing pressure of the population growth globally. Now commercialization of science has become inevitable and is gaining grounds further in all frontal areas like communication, transport, electronic gadgets, auto transports, information technology, education, electronic and print media, medical and medicinal sciences, house and building technology, warfare and so on and so forth. It is different issue that few are misusing scientific information and technology for unethical actions. Though such section of society dare to commercialize scientific ideas but in negative direction. Of course time is there to dare and dreams to socialize sciences.

Hence the scientific dreams open new frontiers of sparkling world to facilitate people’s working, especially, for experimentation, chemical combinations and formulations to unveil their hidden industrial potential, novel ideas and valuable applications thereof. For such appreciable working advancements and industrial applications, certain workable, approachable, accessible, fascinating and interest burning vehicles are required. The vehicles must not be routine science but must also safeguard environmental and user’s safeties with novel concepts to resolve unnoticed, unbreakable and undreamable hypothesis and science involved in them.

The science is a boat or bundles or ideas generating fertile land to carry forward an implementation and transformation into reality which is based on dreams. Kekule, a German organic chemist in 1865, dreamt benzene structure, Pythagoras, a Greek mathematician Pythagoras, dreamt height of fallen tree, Newton, dreamt of falling apple from tree why to come downward only why not to sky, Einstein, dreamt E=mc2 mass energy relationship, though its immediate application in year 1945 by bombarding nuclear bombs on Nagasaki and Hiroshima, massacred thousands and thousands of Japanese. They developed their dreams into respected theories and are being practiced by society as success science stories.

Similarly, the Survismeter was dreamt and its science, concept, idea, were industrially transformed in service of man. The dreamer of the Pythagoras theorem, benzene structure, mass energy relationship, gravitation law (Newton) are no more but dreamer of the survismeter is moving forwards in search of new science. Of course, there are certain difficulties associated with the surviving dreamers or inventors of success science stories as people sometimes have different blank slates for them. For example, many inventors including Galileo, an Italian Scientist, faced tough challenged to put forwards his scientific discoveries.     

It is highly appreciable that many researchers like Nepal Chemical Society, have shown gesture initiative to launch the survismeter in Nepal. Notably sincere and honest researchers Professor Sujeet Kumar Chatterjee and Ajaya Battarai, Tribhuvan University, have moved forwards a vision of survismeter to those who are seriously pursuing science for learning as students or practicing professionals as teachers, researchers and application scientists to create new milestone in Asian countries. Similar other visionaries are awaited to come forward for fostering this Asian invention. Their notice and attention probably may ignite interest further for novel research out of Survismeter Success Science Story-S4. The survismeter is an Asian initiative and a matter pride of Asian countries, with provisions and opportunities to measure Surface Tension, Interfacial Tension, Excess Surface Concentration, Wetting Coefficients, Viscosity and Friccohesity together. Its use encourages savings of 98% experimental resources like experimenter’s time, laboratory infrastructure and occupation, electricity, manpower, water and chemicals, with no experimental hazards and no discharge of polluting effluents along nurturing, ridging, scratching, tinkling, sprinkling and trudging  notions for science among budding and would be scientists.

Its science is R4-Reduce-Reuse-Recycle-Redsign and nothing goes waste. The survismeter works on theory of Potential Energy and Liquid Distribution and Equilibrium [PELDE] in CPU-controlled pressure unit. Now the S4 is a glaring example before all of us to socialize the science as a green and clean technology [GCT] whose adoption right from beginning could prevent environmental hazards and also accelerate natural ecosystem, especially in Nepal, a country of green lands. Tribhuvan University, Department of Chemistry, Mahendra Morang Adarsh Multiple Campus, deserves Heroic Public Reception for kindling the survismeter by leaps and bounds from its heartland.The origin of ideas, difficulties faced in, calibration at National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi, and Patent by Singapore Govt., successful commercialization, all, have been a unique kind of intensified struggle. Now it has been installed worldwide along developing new applications in a form of substantial assets in hands of researchers within economic boundaries.All these events took one and half decades in notching and framing a new Chapter added to Science and Technology from Asian lands. The fundamental science of the survismeter is credited with a well known notion “Need is mother of invention” but latter on it was noted and tilted “Zeal is mother of invention” due to its elongated struggle and highly discouraging public criticism without analyzing its merit. Since people are conventional but talk nonconventional, this creates fission to their vision. The conventional people are within box thinking and doing in very routine way and dare not for new look. However they pose as their thinking and doing both, are novel. New ideas at all cost must be appreciated and encouraged for validity and industrial validity. Otherwise as none saw falling apple in Brookfield’s, Cannon, Ubbelohde viscometers for viscosity and Wilhelmy Plate Tensiometer for surface tension, individually are being imported from Western and European countries mainly from USA. The detailed information about survismeter science, its applications etc could be sought from references listed under. 

People hardly have time for nature due to the hectic life styles today. There is no time or inclination to pay attention to the environmental problems caused due to abuse of nature by humans. A good way to begin environmental education is by involving children and making them aware of nature and teaching them to respect it. One such environment friendly activity is gardening. Kids love the outdoors and involving them in gardening activities can be a good way to teach them about nature and the cycle of life. Some of the benefits that kids could derive from gardening are discussed below.

Science:
Children can be explained the wonders of life, like the plant’s life cycle or the place of the plants in the food chain and how human beings are responsible for the protection of the environment. They can experience the miracle of life by observing the development of a seed to the fully-grown plant. This will serve as a practical instruction for the science lessons they are learning at school, thus making it a fun activity.

Life:
Watching a seed grow into a sapling is a satisfying experience and the kids will learn to appreciate nature and all living things. Gardening will teach the kids to treat all living things with care. It can help to generate feelings of tenderness and care as a part of the emotional development of the child. The children can learn the importance of the elements of nature that is air, water, sunlight and soil and how they are linked to the human necessities of food water and shelter. Simple gardening jobs like weeding can be used to educate the children on the philosophy of life to weed out bad influences.

Relaxation:
Studies have shown that gardening can have a calming effect and reduce stress. This holds true for kids as well. Gardening can be used as a therapy for abused children, and also treat children from broken homes. It has a calming effect and thus helps to build up the child’s self-esteem.

Quality Family Time:
Gardens have a lovely ambience and this helps to relax and unwind after a stressful day. It is a place to play with your children and bond with them. One can spend quality time with the children just by talking with them while doing the gardening chores. It is an enjoyable way to do things together as a family and get to know your child as an individual.

Children are the future generation, and they can be educated to take care of the environment by involving them in gardening activities and at the same time promote their development as a good human being.

        SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH LAW

The intellectual thinking of man, since time immemorial, has resulted in the development of science and technology. The principles of science and technology have developed in response to differing objects of interest. Science and technology have had a great impact on the way we live. Law has tried to regulate the use and abuse of science and the extent of its application. The major question however is whether we are well equipped with the laws to regulate the use of such technologies.

 

The subject Law, Science and Technology is of great relevance today when Courts have become ”activists” and there has been a tremendous advance in science and technology. The need for sharpening the evidentiary techniques employed in Courts with the help of science and technology cannot be denied. At the same time, one has to be conscious of the limitations. The limitations of both science and the law and the need for both to join hands to strengthen the court-systems by legally admissible scientific evidence must be considered.

 

 

MEANING AND DEFINITIONS

 

 

v SCIENCE

 

The word “Science” comes from the Latin word scientia, meaning “knowledge” or “knowing”. According to Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary, the definition of science is “knowledge attained through study or practice,” or “knowledge covering general truths of the operation of general laws, esp. as obtained and tested through scientific method [and] concerned with the physical world.”

 

In other words, science refers to a system of acquiring knowledge. This system uses observation and experimentation to describe and explain natural phenomena. The term science also refers to the organized body of knowledge that people have gained using that system. Less formally, the word science often describes any systematic field of study or the knowledge gained from it. Perhaps the most general description is that the purpose of science is to produce useful models of reality. Most scientific investigations use some form of the scientific method. Science as defined above is sometimes called pure science to differentiate it from applied science, which is the application of research to human needs. Fields of science are commonly classified along two major lines:

-Natural sciences, the study of the natural world, and

-Social sciences, the systematic study of human behavior and society.

 

 

v TECHNOLOGY

 

The word “technology” comes from the Greek word technologia, which means the systematic treatment of an art, form or skill or a manner of accomplishing a task especially using technical processes, methods or knowledge. In other words, the term technology refers to the application of science, especially to commercial or industrial objects.

 

 

v LAW

 

A rule of conduct established and enforced by the authority, legislation, or custom of a given community, State, or nation. In essence, law is the tangible and intangible context that links individuals to the community. In addition, it defines responsibilities of individuals to society as much as it defines and protects individual rights. In short, it is a pillar of good governance.

 

INTER-RELATIONSHIP OF SCIENCE AND LAW

 

Today’’s high technology society forces the two professions (law and science) to interact in a wide array of cases. Legal disputes involving patents, product liability, environmental torts, regulatory proceedings and criminal cases are some fields of such interaction. Further, law and science encounter each other in the laboratory through a number of actions governing intellectual property, research misconduct, etc. The fact-finding agendas of the two disciplines have frequently begun to overlap, if not merge. Because there is a general lack of understanding of each culture, these interactions often lead to a cognitive friction that is both disturbing and costly to the society. Scientists are distrustful of the lawyers and legal proceedings and prefer not to venture into the courtroom. The scientific community that believes that its methods and procedures are above legal scrutiny and questioning often frustrates lawyers. Lawyers and scientists seldom speak the same language. Each should develop a better understanding of the principles and methods of the other’’s profession. Bridging the gap between the two cultures is a challenge that this conference seeks to address.

Science and technology seek knowledge through an open-ended search for expanded understanding, whose truths are subject to revision. Law, too, conducts an open-ended search for expanded understanding; however, it demands definite findings of fact at given points in time. The meeting of these two disciplines in the courtroom magnifies the differences between the two cultures. Even the search of truth does not serve the same aims and may not be subject to the same constraints and requirements.

 

The Courts today deal with complex cases relating to highly sophisticated crimes where criminals take care to erase all evidence of their involvement. In such cases, modernized, scientific and highly sophisticated methods are required to trace the involvement of criminals. A report published in the New York Times (August 7, 2008) stated that with a new analytical technique, a fingerprint can reveal much more than the identity of a person. It can also identify what the person has been touching: drugs, explosives or poisons, for example. Such a laboratory technique can have a wider application in crime investigation. The chemical signature could also help crime investigators trace out one fingerprint out of the smudges of many overlapping prints if the person had been exposed to a specific chemical.

 

Then there are serious cases of medical negligence and related torts where rival parties seek to rely on expert evidence. Even in the field of environmental pollution involving toxic substances, there is serious difficulty in finding out the levels of danger, the extent of actual and latent damage to humans and environment, and there are uncertainties in accepting the technology installed by the polluter to conform to environmental standards. In some civil cases where handwriting, forgery, or paternity issues are involved there is extensive use of scientific techniques. The Courts are thus dependent and, in fact, compelled to analyse evidence of experts examined on each side. There is again the difficulty of evaluating the conflicting expert evidence adduced by the contesting parties in an adversarial judicial process. However, none can deny that expert witnesses retained by parties often are partisan. In such cases, the technique of “Hot Tubbing” must be embraced. The Australians discovered the technique of “Hot Tubbing” to improve expert evidence. In this procedure, also called concurrent evidence, parties still choose experts, but they testify together at trial-discussing the case, asking each other questions, responding to inquiries from the judge and the lawyers, finding common ground and sharpening the open issues. According to UCLA law professor Jennifer Mnookin, “‘Hot Tubbing is much more interesting than neutral experts.”

 

DEVELOPMENTS TILL DATE AND THE RECENT TREND

 

 

In this era of genomics, of crime prevention and of conviction the following questions need special attention:

 

 

Is the legal profession ready for this new information?

 

How would these techniques benefit the justice delivery system?

 

Is our society ready for the implications that genomics brings to every facet of our lives?

 

Is our society struggling with the ethical and social issues thrown up by the new biology such as human cloning, use of animals in biomedical research, etc.?

 

With the rapid progress in science, are laws in their present form really able to deliver justice efficiently or is some rethinking in the form of new laws or amendments to existing laws required?

 

 

Before any major changes can be effected, all stakeholders have to sit together and look for the answers to these unsolved problems. This contact which was missing in India became a reality when the first ever conference of this kind was held. This conference, who’’s Chairman was the erstwhile President of India; Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam formed the basis of the ”Hyderabad Declaration on Impact of New Biology on Justice Delivery System”. These deliberations of law were co-organised by the Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD) and NALSAR University of law. The deliberations brought together the Judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts, representatives from various Commissions like the Law Commission and the Human Rights Commission, Directors of the National Law Schools and other legal luminaries, lawyers, scientists, doctors, bio-industrialists, NGO’’s, police investigators, journalists and a couple of participants from abroad. Inter alia the meeting emphasized the following:

 

To establish a Human Genetics Commission to provide technical and strategic advice about the current and emerging issues in Human Genetics, and a consultative mechanism for development oh National Genetics Policy and guidelines in that area;

 

To establish an Ethics Committee to assess ethical, legal and social issues raised by research on human genome and use of DNA databases;

 

To statutorily define status of human embryo so that research on embryonic cells is done under statutory control and regulations;

 

To devise a mechanism to establish links with the International Community of Dispute for resolution of new issues in new biology;

 

To suitably amend the Patents law to strike a fair balance between public and private interests in case of patents that assert property rights over genetic material.

 

IMPACT OF SCIENCE ON INVESTIGATION

 

Science is a compelling and commanding weapon in the armoury of administration of justice. Forensic Science is a science pertaining to law. In particular, it works as the branch, which is used mainly in criminal investigation and findings of which can lead to arrests and convictions. Undoubtedly, scientific investigations generate evidence in favour of the victims and against the accused. Forensic Science helps in providing the identity of the culprit or the accused who willingly or unwillingly, in most of the cases, leaves the mark of his crime, thereby making the job of the investigator much easier in proving the culpability with the aid of Forensic Science.

 

Forensic Science provides scientific study for investigation of crime. The growth, development and use of Forensic Science in detection of crime in developed countries are tremendous and increasing with new techniques. The area of Forensic Science in India has not been properly looked into, as it ought to have been and more so when the average acquittal rate is alarmingly high. Therefore, in our country, also, the necessity and importance of Forensic Science hardly needs any emphasis. The lack of understanding and appreciation of the importance of specialists in general, by non-specialists, in all fields, cannot be denied. The field of Forensic Science is no exception. Many a time, neither the judge, nor the lawyer nor even the police appreciate fully, the advances or the extensive, promising potentialities of the science and the fusion of new technologies, methodologies, modalities and research. Multitask and multi-professional nature of Forensic Science needs an inter-professional approach, which is, many a time, lacking. Therefore, sincere and serious efforts are required to be made to eliminate personal and professional bias of the involved personnel and professionals.

 

Forensic Science in criminal investigation and trial is principally concerned with materials and circuitously through materials, with men, places and time. It embraces all branches of science and applies them to the purposes of law. The scientific examination by Forensic Scientists adjoins a missing link or strengthens a weak chain of investigation.

 

Systematic uses of Forensic Science provide significant assistance in answering the following questions:

 

(i) How was the crime committed?

(ii) When was the crime committed?

(iii) Who committed the crime?

 

Law-enforcement agencies refer to Forensic Experts to help solve mysterious situations concerning human life and thereby, provide help and useful contribution to the criminal courts in the journey for search of truth in criminal trials. Forensic Science deals with various aspects, including routine post-mortem to sophisticated tracking piece like DNA analysis.

 

Unfortunately, techniques and methodology with necessary materials used extensively in Western countries has not successfully clicked in India because of a variety of reasons, the major one being the investment of huge finance. This science is also, at times, useful in finding out the truth in some of the civil cases.

 

The prosecution mainly calls Forensic Scientists as expert witnesses. The practice of the defense producing Forensic Scientists or the courts consulting on their own listed experts is not very much in vogue. In fact, there is an acute need to bridge the communication gap that presently exists between lawyers, judges and Forensic Scientists. An independent analysis and evaluation of the scientist’’s data and any subsequent testimony that may follow again depends on the judges” familiarity and understanding of the principles of Forensic Science.

 

In Western countries DNA test and profile is widely employed. In a country like ours, the need of such a test and profile may, hardly, be emphasized. In many developed countries, DNA test, genetic testing techniques and “racmization” — testing based on systematic examination of teeth and bite-marks has proved to be very useful. “Racmization” technique is currently used in Japan and Germany. It has potential to replace the traditional method that took into account the eruption and/or fusion and falling sequence of teeth. A fusion of such knowledge of Forensic Science and newly developed techniques will, undoubtedly, not only provide proper perspective and dimensions, but will also lead to detection of crime, and be a great help in search of the truth. It will be useful in the prevention and control of crimes and will provide required assistance to the parties to civil disputes, as well.

IMPACT OF SCIENCE ON THE JUSTICE DELIVERY SYSTEM

 

Common view is that the Indian justice administration system is slow. However, the major question is, is it the primary problem with Indian justice delivery system? The key issue is, is it is delivering justice at all in majority of cases? If a machine is faulty and makes bad products, then if one speeds up the machine, it will deliver more of those bad products. Therefore, if we speed up a malfunctioning Justice Administration System, it will simply toss up more of injustice. Is that the goal of any justice delivery system?

 

In the words of Justice Shayamal Kumar Sen, “The investigation process needs to be hastened; otherwise the criminal justice system will suffer”.

 

Justice Sen urged that research and development should be initiated in a way that would ensure that crime at the grassroots level is detected immediately and an effective management system should be introduced.

 

According to M P Singh, vice-chancellor, West Bengal National University Of Juridical Science, new techniques should be introduced as it will help in crime detection and the infrastructure should be developed in a way that will not only give momentum to effective criminal delivery system but will also hasten the entire long drawn process of investigation.

 

 

IMPACT OF SCIENCE ON COURT AND COURT PROCESSES

 

Science is not new to the Indian courts. Towards the end of 1989, one low-end computer was installed in Supreme Court of India for caveat matching. Immediately thereafter, in 1990, Justice GC Bharuka, as a sitting Judge at the Patna High Court initiated the process of court computerization. On his transfer to Karnataka in 1994, he undertook to introduce ICT (Information and Communucation Tecnologies) in the entire judiciary of the state of Karnataka.

Presently all the courts upto the taluka level are computerized. All the judicial officers and court staff are trained. There is complete automation from filing of a case to grant of a certified copy. Digital production of under-trial prisoners by video-conferencing is made possible. Through website, causelists of the Supreme Court of India, High Courts, district courts and various Tribunals is made available online, a day before.

 

 

SCIENCE AND GREY AREAS OF LAWS

 

v SPACE LAWS

 

Simply put, Space law is a part of International jurisprudence related to outer space. It follows customary practice in defining outer space, the region 100 km beyond the earth’’s surface.

 

With the advancement of science and technology, things that were once considered impossible are now increasingly becoming possible and even fashionable. No one, some six decades back would have thought of going to space, let alone marrying in space. Thanks to science, this has now become a reality. For $2.3 million, a person can cement bonds from 62 miles straight up. Japanese company First Advantage, along with former X-Prize contender Rocketplane Global, is teaming up to offer weddings in space.

 

According to a LiveScience article, Rocketplane Global “is developing the XP Spaceplane for private suborbital spaceflights. The four-seat spaceship is slated to be about the size of a fighter jet and designed to carry two jet engines and a rocket engine to reach space.”

 

Besides shelling out $2.3 million, a person has to undergo four day’’s worth of training for the one-hour ceremony. Training includes safety procedures, weightless maneuvering, and to explain to one’’s family why they were not invited.

 

Not only this, Sapporo Breweries, the Japanese beer maker established in 1876, is brewing beer from barley descended from seeds that spent five months on the International Space Station ( ISS).

 

According to a CNN article, “The project is part of biological studies of the adaptability of plants to environmental changes and the impact from stresses such as space travel.”

If successful, the study will bring the world one-step closer to growing crops in space. In addition, fortunately, right now, scientists cannot tell the difference between the ISS grains and homegrown barley.

 

However, in order for commercial space activities to grow, there must be an attractive legal environment. Unfortunately existing space law consists mostly of some inter-governmental treaties that are quite inappropriate for business.

 

Space is just another place where humans are going to live. In addition, because space is almost limitless humans are going to live there in vast numbers in the future. In other words, it will become a completely new habitat. Today most activities in space are government ones because getting to and from space is so expensive. Once travel from orbit is cheap enough, as on earth, individuals, private companies and organizations will carry on most activities in space. At that time space activities will involve almost every industry, be it catering and drinks, fashion and entertainment, or law.

 

An attractive legal environment is needed to enable operating companies to plan passenger services and place orders for the vehicles that they require, and for manufacturers to finalize vehicle design details and raise the investment that they need in order to put the vehicles into production.

 

Sovereignty over outer space is another debatable issue that needs to be resolved.

 

 

 

CYBER LAWS AND JURISDICTIONAL ISSUES

 

 

With the advent of internet, a whole new category of crime that includes fraud, theft of services and data, copyright infringement, destruction of data through computer sabotage (viruses) and acts causing inconvenience to agencies comprising sensitive, secret or confidential functions has come up. Chances of use of the web as a forum for publication of defamatory content has increased multifold and there is a need for a clear, coherent expression of the law in this area.

 

Hacking time theft (stealing someone else’’s internet time) pornography, sending threatening e-mail, defamatory e-mail, hacking e-mail, e-mail bombs, etc. are the main areas of cyber crime.

 

The people who commit cyber crimes are mostly those who have white-collar jobs, unlike usual criminals. They can even be high school kids. The territory that a cyber crime can stretch across is immense. It can go over continents

 

The principles that govern the exercise of criminal jurisdiction are based on the assumption that “crime” is a territorial phenomenon. Cyber crime makes these principles problematic in varying ways and in varying degrees. Unlike real-world crime, it is not physically grounded; it increasingly tends not to occur in a single sovereign territory.

 

 

 

The perpetrator of a cyber crime may physically be in Country A, while his victim is in Country B, or his victims are in Countries B, C, and D and so on. The perpetrator may further complicate matters by routing his attack on the victim in Country B through computers in Countries F and G. The result of these and other cyber crime scenarios is that the cyber crime is not committed “in” the territory of a single sovereign state; instead, “pieces” of the cyber crime occur in territory claimed by several different sovereigns.

 

Cyber crime is a primary example of cross-border crime, and so, it raises the issue of jurisdiction. This is a tricky issue. Acts on the Internet that are legal in the state where they are initiated may be illegal in other states, even though the act is not particularly targeted at that state. Jurisdiction conflicts abound, both negative (no state claims jurisdiction) and positive (several states claim jurisdiction at the same time). Above all, it is unclear just what constitutes jurisdiction: is it the place of the act, the country of residence of the perpetrator, the location of the effect, or the nationality of the owner of the computer that is under attack? Or all of these at once? It turns out that countries think quite differently on this issue. The cyber crime statutes of numerous countries show varying and diverging jurisdiction clauses. Since internet allows transactions between persons of various jurisdictions, an international agreement (to be crystallized into a convention, later) is required for any regulation. However, in arriving at a uniform law, varying standards adopted by jurisdictions across the world and the point of balance adopted by them have to be kept in mind.

 

 

Jurisdiction is a highly debatable issue as to the maintainability of any suit that has been filed. Today with the growing arms of cyberspace the territorial boundaries seems to vanish thus the concept of territorial jurisdiction as envisaged under S.16 of C.P.C. and S.2.of the I.P.C. will have to give way to alternative method of dispute resolution.

 

In addressing the issues of what problems were posed by cyber-crime, Mr. Corell noted that the scope of international cooperation is limited by international agreements and by the national law of the State from which information has been requested. There are also differing priorities between developed and developing countries. These differences complicate international cooperation and expand the gap between the two groups.

 

There is no authoritative, comprehensive elaboration of the principle of universal jurisdiction concerning cyber-crime, he said. There are different views concerning the offences that constitute crimes under international law that are subject to universal jurisdiction. There are also different opinions with respect to the significance of the obligation to prosecute or extradite, as contained in various treaties, as evidence of universal jurisdiction. Whether States are not only permitted, but also required, to exercise jurisdiction with respect to crimes under international law, is also subject to different opinions.

 

 

 

CONCLUSION

 

The magnetism of science has always captivated members of the legal profession. People look up to science to rescue them from the experience of uncertainty and the discomfort of difficult legal decisions, and are constantly disappointed.

The notion of what constitutes science and what it would take to make law more scientific varies across time. What does not vary is our constant return to the well. We are constantly seduced into believing that some new science will provide an answer to laws dilemmas, and we are constantly disappointed.

 

In the words of Senior Advocate K.T.S. Tulsi — “There is no doubt that [science] is going to overtake the law enforcement agencies by storm. No one will be able to avoid it. It is like standing on the shore and asking the waves of the sea not to come. What is required is a proper debate about the real value of [science] and whether it fits into the overall picture and what use could be made of it by the investigators.”

 

REFERENCES

 

 

v BOOKS AND ARTICLES

 

A Convergence of Science and Law. A Summary Report of the First Meeting of the Science, Technology and Law Panel: National Research Council. Science and law blog: August 8, 2008. Fingerprints” Chemical “Footprints”? Science and law blog: August 11, 2008. “Hot Tubbing”: Old wine in New Bottles for Expert Witnesses. The New York Times: August 7, 2008, Kenneth Chang. Law, science and technology collaboration: Justice M. Jugannadha Rao-Chairman Law Commission of India. Kolkata Newsline, Thursday, February 01, 2007. A profile of forensic science in juristic journey: Justice Jitendra N. Bhatt. Do space laws need to be modified? S Bhatt Space weddings. I do. I really do. Carol Pinchefsky, 7 July 2008. Tara Blake Garfinkel, Jurisdiction Over Communication Torts: Can You Be Pulled into Another Country’s Court System for Making a Defamatory Statement Over the Internet? A Comparison of English and US Law, 9 Transnat’l Law 489, 492 Bryan P. Werley, Aussie Rules: Universal Jurisdiction over Internet Defamation, 18 Temp. Int’l & Comp. L.J. 199, 219 Para 1.16 of the British Law Commission Report on Defamation and the Internet, cited from (visited on 7th August, 2004 1996 US Dist LEXIS 8435 (SDNY 19 June, 1996), cited from R. Matthan: The Law Relating to Computers & the Internet, p. 2 (New Delhi: Butterworths, 2000). In this case, the defendant was an Italian, who had, using an Italian server, set up a website, under the name “Playmen”. The court had earlier issued a permanent injunction against the defendant from using that name in any magazine sold, published or distributed in USA. The court accepted that it could not order the website to be shut down as that would amount to asserting that every court in the world had jurisdiction over all information providers on the internet In info age, time for cyber savvy cops. Uma Karve. October 5, 2002. Learning the law, Indian Express. Karina Sudarsan Beware! Cyber Criminals are on the prowl, Navhind Times,March 17, 2002; by Shaikh Jamaluddin. 10 Myths of Electronic Security, Banking Frontiers September, 2002; Rohas Nagpal, Asian School of Cyber Laws. I”ll be watching you! Times of India, December 19, 2002; Zahra Khan, Times News Network. Approaches to Cybercrime Jurisdiction; Susan W. Brenner, University of Dayton – School of Law, Bert-Jaap Koops Tilburg University – Faculty of Law (TILT). Challenge of borderless ”Cyber Crime” to International Efforts to Combat Transnational Organized Crime Discussed at Symposium, 14 December, 2000. Towards Speedy, Inexpensive, Transparent and Accountable Justice; Justice GC Bharuka, 4th November, 2007.

source : www.thinklegal.co.in (ThinkLegal Resources Pvt Ltd)

           

 

Today more than ever it is harder to maintain a healthy lifestyle with sedentary pastimes such as watching television, playing video games and surfing the Internet competing for our kid’s time and replacing more physical activities.

Combined with the easy availability and low cost of unhealthy processed foods or ‘junk food’, then this can have an impact on children’s health, not only throughout their childhood but leading into adulthood causing serious health problems at a later date.

It is therefore important to make a concerted effort to ensure children lead a healthy lifestyle and maintain overall fitness. However it can be difficult to make a start and to inspire your kids to follow your lead, so we have compiled a list of ten tips to help you along the road to health and happiness.

1) Involve the Whole Family – Sometimes kids can be reluctant to take part in sports and games, especially if they think that they are being ‘forced’ to do them against their will. Children take their lead from their parents so if they see their parents taking part in sports and fitness then they are more than likely to want to copy. Ensuring that the whole family stay fit and healthy can provide the right motivation for the less reluctant child to get involved. Embracing a healthier lifestyle yourself can help teach a child that they need to do the same.

It doesn’t have to be all about playing ‘football’. For instance a family outing to the zoo, theme park or local attraction such as a ruined castle will keep kids on their feet, give them something interesting to see and do whilst keeping them fit at the same time. Making an effort to have days out where the whole family joins in can lead to a child having an overall healthier lifestyle.

2) Use ‘Active’ Transport – Ditching the car when possible and either walking or cycling instead can help keep the whole family fit and healthy. Perhaps this means walking to school instead of taking the car or maybe a trip to the local park or shops can be accomplished by cycling there instead.

Although it may not be possible for everyone to ditch the car so easily due to distance or time constraints the occasional journey can still perhaps be substituted. Not only is walking or cycling better for your health, it can save you money and help the environment- all great examples to set your kids!

3) Regular Exercise – The key to staying fit and healthy for both adults and children alike is to exercise regularly. Try to schedule exercise activities (whatever they might be) at regular intervals but do let your kids set the pace. As soon as a child feels they are being forced to take part in a ‘fitness’ regime then you may start to get some resistance and refusal to join in.

Pushing your kids beyond their limits may have a negative impact on them wanting to do anything at all. Forcing them to train to become better at a sport or activity can seem like the right think to do if they appear to have a talent for something, but it is important to ensure that your kids are happy and not resenting the activity, as long term this will end up becoming a problem.

4) Keep Fit Through Daily Chores – Lets be honest, no kid enjoys having to do their weekly and daily chores, but chores are a good thing to implement as they help teach a child responsibilities whilst helping them to ‘earn their keep’.

If your child isn’t that keen on sports and outdoor activities then a subtle way for them to get some additional exercise is by combining their chores with physical activities. For example washing the car, mowing the lawn or vacuuming the house all are great ways to burn some extra calories and to get your kid moving and keeping fit without them even realising it!

5) Keep it New and Fun!

Many of us can recall sports lessons at school when we were forced to do sports we didn’t enjoy, more often than not in the freezing cold, without proper clothes. These horrible moments cement a negative impression on sports and fitness in a child’s psyche. This negativity needs to be avoided so the buzz word to remember is ‘fun’. If you ensure that any activity you take part in is fun for your child then fitness doesn’t become a burden or a chore and soon becomes a normal, everyday part of their life.

Kids can bore easily so an activity they have enjoyed in the past may quickly loose its shine from one week to the next. Unless you are intent on turning your kid into the next sporting superstar then whatever activities they do to stay fit is unimportant as long as they enjoy it.

Introduce new sports and activities into a child’s routine can be a great way of finding new active hobbies so it’s worth experimenting and trying different things. How about crazy golf, trampolining, horse riding or kayaking? There are plenty of things to try!

6) Turn the TV Off – When you live a busy life and have a full time job to contend with then it’s easy to let your kids entertain themselves in front of the television. Years ago kids TV was limited to a few hours in the afternoon and morning, but now with the advent of cable and satellite channels, children have dedicated stations that they can watch all day. There’s nothing wrong with watching TV, it can be fun and educational, but it’s a very inactive pastime.

Try to limit screen time and turn off the TV after a few hours. There may be arguments to start with but your child will start to get into a routine and will also look for other things to do whilst the TV is switched off- ideally more active things to do!

Kids also love playing computer games which are traditionally thought of as being very inactive. Lately things have changed a little- with the release of games such as Dance Dance Revolution and Wii Sports, you can now get a workout in front of the TV. Where possible steer your child towards these ‘active’ games and then they’ll get the benefit of keeping fit and healthy, whilst doing something they really enjoy.

7) Try the Scouts & Guides – Not all kids are the outdoors types so may not suit absolutely everyone, but getting your kids involved with the Scouts, Guides or similar well organised groups can be a great way of ensuring your child lives an active lifestyle. For example the Scouts in the UK are open to young people from the ages of 6 to 25 and they take part in a wide range of activities from rock climbing, camping to sailing and hiking. Also there are a lot of creative and educational pastimes that these groups get up to making it a completely rounded experience.

Nutrition & Healthy Eating – To maintain a healthy lifestyle, exercise needs to be combined with healthy eating and good nutrition. Good nutrition doesn’t always have to be about boring foods that your child doesn’t like, so try to introduce a wide range of cuisines and styles to your child’s diet. You never know what they might enjoy eating.

Moderation is the buzzword for eating healthily. Minimise unhealthy snacks such as crisps, chocolate, biscuits and sweets and perhaps introduce them only as treats or for special occasions. Your child will not get used to having these ‘treats’ all the time and will appreciate them much more when they do have them. Unhealthy foods as listed above do not provide much if any nutritional benefit and can contain unhealthy additives which most nutritionists agree are not great for long term health.

Be wary of processed foods, they can sometimes contain unhealthy amounts of salt, sugar or other additives. Try to cook meals using raw ingredients, that way you’ll always know what goes into your food. It can be more expensive and time consuming to do this but the long term benefits to the whole family can be immense.

9) Team Games – If your child is showing signs that they enjoy sports such as: football, hockey or netball, then getting them involved in a local youth squad is a great way for a child to get all the exercise they need. Not only will they have fun and get fit, they may make friends with other kids on the team providing additional reason to go to team practice sessions. Adults can also get involved, perhaps by helping out with coaching or lifts to and from training sessions.

Again, having fun is key- if your kid stops wanting to go to practice, initially some light coaxing or persuasion may be necessary to get them back in the mood. However if this reluctance persists, long term you are better off letting your child dictate what they enjoy doing. As mentioned previously in this article, kids can get bored easily and can soon go off any activity, no matter how much they previously liked it.

10) Activity Holidays – Looking to kick start a new healthy lifestyle for the whole family? Taking an activity holiday where your child can get to try a wide range of sports and activities can be a great way of getting fit and finding new and interesting things to do. Venue’s such as Center Parcs offer the perfect weekend break escapes with a wide range of activities that suit all ages and they also run special offers such as ‘kids eat free’, which can save you money. Finding activities that inspire your children to become more active is the best way to ensure that they keep fit and healthy. Activity holidays are a great way on ‘hitting the bullseye’ and finding things that your child enjoys, that you may not have ever considered before.

HC Chemical Network News, Beijing Chemical industry University this year, four additional advantage of a professional recruitment plan; North China Electric Power University enrollment plan set aside 5% of volunteers taking high score two candidates; Tianjin University, New year Financial Professional. 14, more than three schools a guest Admissions Leader ” Education Face to face – superb live consultation “, introduced in Beijing admissions policies.

Beijing University of Chemical Technology program enrollment this year in Beijing, 188 people, including 178 science and engineering, advanced batch Arts Science and Arts Plan 10. School in Beijing last year, a voluntary admission of a batch candidates average 51 points higher than the priority line.

School increased this year, four advantages and features professional recruitment program in Beijing, including an increase of Chemical Engineering and Technology 3, Polymer Science and Engineering to increase a person, Materials Science and Engineering and the increase in social sports 2. Beijing University of Chemical set aside about 5% of the enrollment plan in Beijing, the high score for recruiting volunteer candidates. Second, the voluntary admission of candidates in recent years, scores generally higher than the admission control of a batch at around 75-80 marks.

North China Electric Power University, Beijing University Department estimated enrollment plan 170 in Beijing, Baoding campus enrollment of 51 in Beijing, two new professional: Energy Power and automation and logistics management. Last year, Beijing Science Campus of the minimum entry score of 53 points above the key line, Baoding campus above the key line of 27 points; two campuses minimum entry of Liberal Arts and key line unchanged. School in Beijing this year for candidates for the second voluntary enrollment plan set aside 5%, higher than the first choice for admission scores 50 points or more Ti Dangxian second choice candidates. When candidates need to note that the ability of abnormal color vision in completing the part of the professional candidates should be carefully chosen.

Program in Beijing, Tianjin University of Science and Engineering recruit 66 candidates, candidates of Literature and History 5, art candidate 1, a total of 72 people, and basically the same as last year. Beijing is not part of previous years of professional recruitment, such as Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, enrollment will begin in Beijing this year.

Brilliant idea will be Saturday at the largest consulting

Beijing this year, the largest site of a superb six-week consultation will be held in Beijing University. Experts suggest that candidates and their parents should be involved in consulting activities, combined with the “one model” results, narrow the scope of consulting institutions.

It is understood that, in this superb on-site consultation will be more than 60 participating schools, including Peking University, Tsinghua University and other prestigious schools in Beijing, Zhongshan University, Tianjin University and other prestigious schools abroad, but also a China Women’s University, Beijing Print College and other two institutions.

Experts pointed out that the “one-mode” results came out, is the best time for superb advice. Candidates and parents with a “one-mode” results and rankings to schools in the region more targeted consultation. As the consultation at many schools, with some colleges and universities of the Open Day held on the same day, candidates and their parents can not traveled audience. To this end, candidates should refer to the “one-mode” results largely determine their performance positioning, locking 5-8 target schools for effective consultation, and gradually established schools and professional candidates.

To begin with, here are the ground rules for grown-ups. First, don’t overload your kids with toys. Too many at once will simply overwhelm them.  Second don’t take away old favourites – even if doggy, teddy, or dolly has been loved to bits. And third: suggested age ranges aren’t set in stone. Be patient if a child can’t yet cope with some particular game. She’ll soon get the knack.

As a natural, on-going part of our work as parents, teachers, early childhood specialists and others involved with children at home or elsewhere we observe children at play. This includes selecting the right products to enhance play and learning.

We can depend on the durability and versatility of such items as blocks, construction toys, games, puppets, and transportation toys. They stimulate the imagination, engage the player, have value and hold up over time.

“There. Did you see that?” a worried mother asked her friend after observing her gifted daughter stand up and walk away from two other little girls who were playing a card game.

What some parents conclude after watching their gifted children at play can be very far from the reality of the situation. Some parents, like the one from above, believe that their child isn’t being social when she doesn’t play with the other children. In fact, the issue might not be with the playmates; rather, it might be the choice of games, because gifted children learn and grow from play. Of course there are important social issues for gifted children that parents need to consider; however, since the gifted child can process at a higher level, he or she might gravitate to older children or to other children who have the same interests and abilities rather than to the boys and girls of the same age.

Children are little sponges when it comes to learning, and they are perfectly capable of doing that without toys that are described specifically as educational toys. Children’s toys are supposed to be fun, and most educational toys that children love will combine learning with having a great time.

The old classic children’s toys like Lego or Playdoh are great for stimulating child development and creative tendencies. Young children can start with the basic sets that don’t come with any complicated extras and work their way up.

Children’s educational toys are an essential component to every child’s playroom. Life would be much easier if we could just accept the fact that kids have always, and will always, spend most their time playing with toys. In the last few years, parents started getting more and more interested in choosing all sorts of educational toys for their children.

Playing with educational toys is one of the means that help children to establish contact with the world they live in, especially during the infancy stage. During the infancy stage, toys serve as educational materials to stimulate the child’s sense of sight, hearing, and touch. A rule of buying educational toys is to keep in touch with the child’s interests.

Once your kid has graduated infancy, the learning process becomes a little more complex. A year ago, they were learning how to eat solid food by chewing on a pillow. They were learning what would eventually allow them to read by staring at the mobile above their crib going around and around. Now it’s time to start thinking about reading, mathematics, basic building and organizational skills, further social development… the list goes on.

The wrong way to go about teaching these skills, and certainly you know one or two parents like this, is to treat the educative process too much like… well, academics. You don’t want to turn learning into something boring, with worksheets and assignments and so on. Learning should be fun, and if you teach that at a young age, it will remain with your child through their whole life.

But how does a parent know how much is too much to give? The dilemma is persistent though perilous when parenting pre-teen and teenage daughters when stuff and idols have their most tenacious grip.

What could be more innocent, more harmless than toys? If we were the toymakers, our products would no doubt reflect our love for children, our love for God, and our desire for holiness and purity. Unfortunately, the shelves of most toy stores are filled with toys made by those who are definitely of another mindset entirely.

Do children need toys? I would answer yes. Less affluent children have, for centuries, created their own: a piece of wood wrapped in a scrap of cloth became a doll; other bits of wood became animals, houses, tools, or weapons. Children seem to need to play almost as much as they need food, shelter, and love. Toys are the necessary props.

Though many things contribute to a younger, healthier appearance, one of the most important is an amazing molecule called collagen. About 80% of your skin is made from collagen, giving the skin its basic structure. Collagen makes skin stronger, thicker and more supple, which is what makes skin smooth, firm and strong – and young looking. But unfortunately as we age the skin loses collagen and your body gradually produces less and less.

Scientists now understand that the gradual loss of collagen with age results in the fine lines, wrinkles, acne scars and other blemishes associated with looking older. This process is further accelerated by exposure to the sun and elements. As collagen gets depleted, skin begins to weaken, getting thinner, less supple and prone to fine lines, wrinkles and other blemishes.

Some skin care products have collagen in them. Unfortunately, collagen is an extremely large molecule – way too big to be readily absorbed though the skin. These high-priced concoctions do not even contain actual collagen – they use partially hydrolyzed proteins and vitamins that supposedly help stimulate collagen production by the body.

Doctors also now inject collagen directly into the skin. This is a painful and costly process that can cost up to $1,200.00 per injection. Of course, since it doesn’t help your body produce new collagen, it is an expensive temporary solution. Now some doctors also inject a toxic substance known as Botulinum Toxin A (derived from the Clostridium Botulinum bacterium) into facial skin to create a temporary paralysis, thus reducing wrinkles. In addition to being expensive and uncomfortable, these injections may actually be dangerous. Side effects from these so-called treatments may include severe facial damage and allergic reactions that can cause immobility in other body muscles, as well as major allergic reactions.

Despite all these costly efforts, as far as we know the cosmetic industry is still looking for an anti-aging breakthrough.

Look no further – microdermabrasion IS the miracle breakthrough you’ve been waiting for. Professional microdermabrasion is a more natural approach. Instead of ineffective creams, costly surgery, dangerous chemicals or painful injections, microdermabrasion removes a layer of dead and damaged skin cells by “abrading” the skin with aluminum oxide crystals. Doctor’s and aestheticians use an expensive medial-grade machine to “sand blast” skin with the crystals.

This process of abrasion not only enhances the surface of the skin, reducing many blemishes, it goes much deeper, stimulating your body to actually produce more collagen and elastin. This makes your skin thicker and stronger naturally -from the inside out. Now your body is making more collagen like it did when you were younger.

In fact, a study by a well known cosmetic surgeon found that a series of six microdermabrasion treatments definitely increased collagen production and thickening of the skin. This is what makes professional microdermabrasion the most effective, and most popular non-surgical procedure for the treatment of aging, wrinkles, fine lines, acne scars, age spots and other blemishes. As the skin gets stronger, thicker and more supple it gets firmer, smoothing out the appearance of fine lines, wrinkles, acne scars and other blemishes.

Now, thanks to home microdermabrasion, you don’t need an expensive sand blasting machine – you can do it yourself at a price everyone can afford! Until home microdermabrasion, a series of six professional microdermabrasion treatments could actually cost you several thousand dollars. Now home microdermabrasion lets you safely, effectively do it yourself in the comfort and convenience of your own home.

In this day and age of satellite TV with hundreds of channels, computers with 24/7 internet access and video games that also connect to the internet it is difficult to get out children to take the time out to do something more constructive and educational like reading a book.

What we have to do is conform a little with the times and make use of the technology to give our children tools for learning that they enjoy. How do we do that, you ask?

There are many companies now producing videos, video games, and computer games that are not only fun to the children but are at the same time educational. I am not suggesting that you only buy educational products because if you were to do so your kids will rebel and then you won’t even have the technology they like working for you.

What we can do however is mix it up a bit and include some educational games. These products are available for every age group from toddlers all the way through high school so there is no excuse for not using them. For toddlers you get games that will help them learn shapes, colors, and numbers more rapidly. I have a nephew who is only 4 years old reading on the level of a 9 year old, to me that is evidence the methods work.

I have used the programs with my own son who was struggling in school and disinterested in certain subjects like math and history for example. One of the games I used with him took the kids back in time to Egypt and the Great Pyramids and made it fun to learn history and math at the same time. His grades shot up in a matter of weeks. Is that not worth the price of a CD or DVD? It definitely was to me.